Morganelle's new work place Cellular structure of 12 various organelles YeJin Jun Period 4
1. Neuclus
Structure
- The cell nucleus is bound by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
- The shape of the nucleus is mostly rounded, it may be oval, disc shaped depending on the type of cell.
- This membrane separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
- The nucleus is the largest organelle of the cell.
- The nucleus appears to be dense, spherical organelle.It occupies about 10% of the total volume of the cell.
Fuctions
- Species cellular proteins. The nucleus maintains the integrity of the genes which regulate the gene expression, in-turn regulating the activities of the cell.
- It controls the heredity characteristics of an organism. It is responsible for protein synthesis, cell division, growth and differentiation.
- Stores heredity material in the form of deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA) strand. Also stores proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleolus.
- It is a site for transcription process in which messenger RNA (m RNA) are produced for protein synthesis.
How sTructure Fits with the function
- The nuclear envelope consists of phospholipids that form a lipid bilayer, and it helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus and assists in regulating the flow of molecules into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores. The nucleoli are formed around the nuclear organizer regions.The nucleolus synthesizes and assembles ribosomes and r RNA. Nucleolus is said to be involved in cellular aging and senescence.
Items To bring
- Organelle should bring a container or a safe box if she's going to the nucleus because one of nucleus's job is to storageheredity material in the form of deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA) strand.
2. Cell Wall
Structure
- The plant cell wall is multi-layered and consists of up to three sections.
- From the outermost layer of the cell wall, these layers are identified as the middle lamella, primary cell wall, and secondary cell wall.
- Each layer has its own unique structure and function.
Functions
- A major role of the cell wall is to form a framework for the cell to prevent over expansion.
- Cellulose fibers, structural proteins, and other polysaccharides help to maintain the shape and form of the cell.
- Regulate growth - sends signals for the cell to enter the cell cycle in order to divide and grow.
- Regulate diffusion - the cell wall is porous allowing some substances, including proteins to pass into the cell while keeping other substances out.
- Communication - cells communicate with one another via plasmodesmata (pores or channels between plant cell walls that allow molecules and communication signals to pass between individual plant cells).
How Structure fits with the function
- Primary cell wall - layer formed between the middle lamella and plasma membrane in growing plant cells. The primary cell wall provides the strength and flexibility needed to allow for cell growth. Secondary cell wall - layer formed between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane in some plant cells. Once the primary cell wall has stopped dividing and growing, it may thicken to form a secondary cell wall. This rigid layer strengthens and supports the cell.
Items To bring
- Organelle should bring a cellphone if she is going to work in the cell wall because one of the function of the cell wall is to send signals for the cell to enter the cell cycle in order to divide/ grow, and a cellphone may be needed for communication with one another in the cell. In addition, organelle should hire a lot of security if she is going to work for the cell wall because one of the function of the cell wall is to allow certain substances like protein in, but block out others.
3. Golgi Apparatus
Structure
- They are membrane bound organelles, which are sac-like.
- They are found in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells.
- The Golgi complex is composed of stacks of membrane-bound structures; these structures are known as the cisternae.
- An individual stack of the cisternae is sometimes referred as dictyosome. In a typical animal cell, there are about 40 to 100 stacks.
- The Golgi complex is polar in nature.
FuCtions
- The cell synthesizes a huge amount of variety of macromolecules.
- The main function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort and package the macromolecules that are synthesized by the cells for secretion purposes or for use within the cell.
- It mainly modifies the proteins that are prepared by the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
- They are also involved in the transport of lipid molecules around the cell. They also create lysosomes.
- The Golgi complex is thus referred as post office where the molecules are packaged, labelled and sent to different parts of the cell.
How structure fits with the function
- Each cisternae (flattened stacks of membrane) is a disc enclosed in a membrane, it possess special enzymes of the Golgi which help to modify and transport of the modified proteins to their destination.Cisternae help proteins travel from different points in the cell using enzymes.
Items
- If organelle is going to work in the Golgi apparatus, she should bring a lot of file folders and binders to organize because of the of the function of the Golgi apparatus is to sort and package the macromolecules that are synthesized by the cells for secretion purposes. The Golgi apparatus is known as a post office in the cell.
4. Cytoplasm
FunCtion
- The physical nature of cytoplasm is colloidal.
- It has a high percentage of water and particles of various shapes and sizes are suspended in it.
- It also contains proteins, of which 20-25 percent are soluble proteins including enzymes.
- Cytoplasm is the fluid substance that fills the space between the cell membrane and the cellular organelles.
- Cytoplasm shows differential staining properties, the areas stained with the basic dyes are the basophilic areas of the cytoplasm and is termed as ergatoplasm for this material.
- Cytoplasm contains 90% water and 10% include a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds in various proportions.
Functions
- Cytoplasm is the site of many biochemical reactions that are vital and crucial for maintaining life.
- The cytoplasm is the place where the cell expands and growth of the cell takes place.
- The cytoplasm provides a medium for the organelles to remain suspended.
- It also aids in the movement of the different cellular elements.
- The enzymes in the cytoplasm metabolize the macromolecules into small parts, so that it can be easily available for the other cellular organelles like mitochondria.
- The cytoplasm is a means of transport for genetic material. It also transports the products of cellular respiration.
How structure fits with the function
- The cytoskeleton of the cytoplasm provides shape to the cell and it also facilitates movement. Also, the cytoplasm is made up of fluid substance that allows the cell to grow amd develop.
Items
- If organelle is thinking about working in the cytoplasm, she should bring a lot of beds, because the Cytoplasm is where the cell develop and functions. Also, she needs to have a first aid kit to help movement of cellular elements.
5. Lysosome
Structure
- The outer surface is formed by a single membrane, a phospholipid bilayer that can fuse with some other membrane-bound organelles.
- Approx. spherical shape of diameter ranging up to one micrometer. A single lysosome contains many enzyme molecules.
- The enzymes contained within lysosomes are known collectively as acid hydrolases and work best at in acidic environments, at low pH.
- The interior of lysosomes is acidic (about pH 4.8 to 5) compared with the slightly basic (about pH 7.2) intracellular fluid, which is also called cytosol, that surrounds organelles such as lysosomes within cells.
Functions
- Release enzymes outside of the cell which may serve the purpose of destroying materials around the cell.
- Break-down The cytoskeleton of the cytoplasm provides shape to the cell and it also facilitates movement.
- This could include digesting worn-out organelles so that useful chemicals locked-up in their structures can be re-used by the cell.
- Recycle the products of biochemical reactions that have taken place following materials being brought into the cell by endocytosis.Completely break-down cells that have died.
How struCture fits with the functiOn
- Lysosomes are enclosed by a single-layer membrane that allows the remainder of the cell to be protected from the harsh digestive enzymes that lysosomes use to break down and rid the cell of unwanted materials. This membrane also allows the lysosome to maintain an acidic environment similar to that of the stomach that aids in this same digestion.
Items To briNg
- If organelle wants to work in the lysosomes, she should bring a hammer to break down the cytoskeleton of the cytoplasm provides shape to the cell and it also facilitates movement. Also, she should bring a recycle bin to recycle products of biochemical reactions that have taken place following materials being brought into the cell by endocytosis.
6. Chloroplast
Structure
- A chloroplast contains a green pigment called chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
- Chloroplasts found in higher plants are generally biconvex or planoconvex shaped. In different plants chloroplasts have different shapes, they vary from spheroid, filamentous saucer-shaped, discoid or ovoid shaped.
- They are vesicular and have a colorless center. Some chloroplasts are in shape of club, they have a thin middle zone and the ends are filled with chlorophyll.
- In algae a single huge chloroplast is seen that appears as a network, a spiral band or a stellate plate.
Functions
- Chloroplasts, like the mitochondria use the potential energy of the H+ ions or the hydrogen ion gradient to generate energy in the form of ATP.
- Light reactions takes place on the membranes of the thylakoids The most important function of chloroplast is to make food by the process of photosynthesis.
- Food is prepared in the form of sugars. During the process of photosynthesis sugar and oxygen are made using light energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
- In plants all the cells participate in plant immune response as they lack specialized immune cells.
- The chloroplasts with the nucleus and cell membrane and ER are the key organelles of pathogen defense.
How structure fits with the function
- Important protein complexes which carry out light reaction of photosynthesis are embedded in the membranes of the thylakoids.The molecules present in the thylakoid membrane use the electrons that are energized to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, this decrease the pH and become acidic in nature.The inner membrane of the chloroplast forms a border to the stroma. It regulates passage of materials in and out of the chloroplast. In addition of regulation activity, the fatty acids, lipids and carotenoids are synthesized in the inner chloroplast membrane.
Items To bring
- If organelle wants to work in the chloroplast, she should bring sunglasses because the chloroplast's function is to perform photosynthesis so there will be a lot of light.
7. Ribosome
Structure
- Ribosomes in a cell are located in two regions of the cytoplasm.
- They are found scattered in the cytoplasm and some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Ribosomes are composed of both RNA and proteins.
Functions
- They assemble amino acids to form specific proteins, proteins are essential to carry out cellular activities.
- The process of production of proteins, the deoxyribonucleic acid produces mRNA by the process of DNA transcription.
- The genetic message from the mRNA is translated into proteins during DNA translation.
- The sequences of protein assembly during protein synthesis are specified in the mRNA.
How structure fits with the function
- Ribosomes are made up of small and large subunit, and both subunits are composed of rRNA and protein. The small subunit has a special groove that allows for mRNA to bind to it. Once the mRNA is bound, the large subunit attaches on top, and a complete ribosome is formed.
Items To bring
- If organelle wants to work at the ribosome, she should bring a translator because one of the functions of ribosome is to translate the message from the mRNA during the process of DNA translation.
8. Chromosome
Structure
- In eukarytoic cells, chromosomes are composed of single molecule of DNA with many copies of five types of histones.
- Histones are proteins molecules and are rich in lysine and arginine residues, they are positively charged. Hence they bind tightly to the negatively-charged phosphates in the DNA sequence.
- The duplicated chromosomes are held together at the region of centromeres
Functions
- Genetic Code Storage: Chromosome contains the genetic material that is required by the organism to develop and grow. DNA molecules are made of chain of units called genes.
- Control of Cell Division: Chromosomes check successful division of cells during the process of mitosis. The chromosomes of the parent cells insure that the correct information is passed on to the daughter cells required by the cell to grow and develop correctly.
How the structure fits the funCtion
- The length and linear nature of eukaryotic chromosomes increases the challenge of keeping the genetic material organized and of passing the proper amount of DNA to each daughter cell during mitosis. During cell division, eukaryotic chromosomes condense into highly coiled 4 armed structures. The tight coiling and high degree of organization in this supercoiled DNA facilitates proper segregation during mitosis and cell division.
Items to bring
- If organelle is going to work in the chromosome, she should bring a box or a safe because one of the function for chromosome is to store genetic materials. She should also bring a checklist because one of the function for the chromosome is to check and control cell division to see if anything goes wrong.
9. Vacuole
Structure
- Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell.
- In plant cells, the vacuole takes up a large amount of space. At times, this could be more than 90% of the plant cell space. It is said that they are usually formed by the fusion of many membrane vesicles
- Many mature and grown plant cells usually have a single large vacuole, surrounded by a structure known as a tonoplast
- Vacuole does not have any specific size or shape
FunctionS
- One of the biggest functions of the vacuole is their role in autophagy. Autophagy is the degradation of unnecessary or dysfunctional cells.
- The waste products generated in cells are accumulated in vacuoles. Thus, vacuoles protect other organelles of the cell from harmful effects of wastes.
- Vacuoles are known to protect cells from certain bacteria. The toxins produced in cells have the potential to harm/disturb the health of cells.
- Vacuoles do the crucial job of isolating them from the rest of the cell components
How the structure fits the functioN
- Its membrane, the tonoplast, helps to separate its contents from those floating in the cytoplasm. Thus, this membrane does not allow harmful substances present in here from entering and harming the rest of the cell. There is usually a slightly acidic, that is, a low pH maintained inside the vacuole, because this helps in the functioning of the degradative enzymes present inside it.
Items To bring
- If organelle is going to work in the vacuole, she should bring a fence because the vacuole isolates themselves from other conponents of the cell, and they protect/block themselves from the wastes coming and harming them.
10. Centriole
Structure
- At the anaphase and telophase stages the centrioles appear as two cylindrical structures. They are open at both the ends and are located at right angles to each other.
- Each of the centriole is made up of nine triplet fibers and these triplet fibers are arranged in a circular manner that gives it a barrel-shaped appearance.
- The centriole internally shows a characteristic cart wheel structure. The cart wheel structure has a prominent central rod, and nine spokes radiating from the central rod.
- The centrosome structure is made of lipids and proteins. However, it also contains carbohydrates and nucleic acids too.
- The mother centriole is a mature structure; it has additional appendages and is involved in anchoring and positioning of the microtubules. Comparatively the daughter is a young and immature structure.
Functions
- In higher animal cells the centrioles form the mitotic poles.
- The centrioles function as the microtubule organizing center; it is an important event in major cellular process that is cell division and flagella formation..
- The spindle fibers are responsible for the segregation of chromosomes into the daughter cells.
How the structure fits the function
- All the structures that surround the centriole together constitute the centriole satellite. The number of these satellites varies. Each centriole gives rise to a new centriole. The centrioles that are newly formed remain tightly attached to the parent centriole. The centrioles pair duplicates within a cell and the two pairs migrate to the opposite ends of the cell to organize the mitotic spindle.
Items to bring
- If organelle wants to work in the centriole, she should bring a divider or curtains to help divide during the cell division and flagella formation.
11. Plasma Membrane
Structure
- It is the boundary, which separates the living cell from their non-living surroundings.
- It is the phospholipids bilayer.
- Plasma membrane is an amphipathic, which contains both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- It is a fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins and carbohydrate.
- It is lipid bilayer, which contains -two layers of phospholipids, phosphate head is polar (water loving), fatty acid tails non-polar (water fearing) and the proteins embedded in membrane.
Functions
- It separates the contents of the cell from its outside environment and it regulates what enters and exits the cell.
- Plasma membrane plays a vital role in protecting the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing only selected substances into the cell and keeping other substances out.
- It also serves as a base of attachment for the cytoskeleton in some organisms and the cell wall in others.
How the StrUcture fits the function
- In plasma membrane, a protein helps in providing the support and shape to the cell. The fundamental structure of the membrane is phospho lipid bilayer and it forms a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments. The proteins present in the plasma membrane, act as pumps, channels, receptors, enzymes or structural components.
Items to bring
- If organelle is going to work for the plasma membrane she should bring a fence, or hire a security guard because one of the function of the plasma membrane is to protect themselves from outer substance and only allow certain substance to come inside their interior cell. In addition, she should bring a door to separate themselves from the outside.
12. Mitochondria
Structure
- Mitochondria are rod shaped structure found in both animal and plant cells. It is a double membrane bound organelle.
- It has the outer membrane and the inner membrane. The membranes are made up of phospholipids and proteins.
- Outer membrane- It is smooth and is composed of equal amounts of phospholipids and proteins. It has a large number of special proteins known as the porins.
- Inner membrane is more complex in structure. It is folded into a number of folds many times and is known as the cristae.
Functions
- The most important function of the mitochondria is to produce energy. The simpler molecules of nutrition are sent to the mitochondria to be processed and to produce charged molecules. These charged molecules combine with oxygen and produce ATP molecules.
- The mitochondria also help in building certain parts of blood and hormones like testosterone and estrogen.
- The mitochondria also play important role in the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death. Abnormal death of cells due to the dysfunction of mitochondria can affect the function of organ.
How the structure fits the function
- The matrix of the mitochondria is a complex mixture of proteins and enzymes. These enzymes are important for the synthesis of ATP molecules, mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNAs and mitochondrial DNA. Unlike the outer membrane, the inner membrane is strictly permeable, it is permeable only to oxygen, ATP and it also helps in regulating transfer of metabolites across the membrane.The cristae and the proteins of the inner membrane aids in the production of ATP molecules
Items to bring
- If organelle wants to work in mitochondria, she should bring a battery because one of the function of the mitochondria is to produce energyand help in building certain parts of blood and hormones like testosterone and estrogen.