Off the western coasts of Albania and Greece in the Adriatic Sea is Corfu, the second largest of the Ionian Islands and the northernmost island of Greece. It was first inhabited in the Paleolithic era, and its strategic location in the Ionian Sea has attracted numerous powers throughout the centuries. The Old Town of Corfu is a UNESCO World Heritage Site with roots dating back to the 8th century BC.
The Old Town's unique blend of Venetian, French, British, and Greek influences, along with its impressive fortifications, has its origin in the desire of the Venetians to defend their maritime Empire. In 1386, the Venetians took possession of Corfu, and their influence shaped the island's culture and architecture for centuries to come. The Venetian Republic held Corfu until 1797, when Napoleon Bonaparte's forces conquered the island. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Corfu became a British protectorate as part of the United States of the Ionian Islands. In 1864, the island was ceded to Greece, along with the rest of the Ionian Islands.
The forts of Corfu indicate the island's strategic location and its role in defending the maritime trading interests of the Republic of Venice against the Ottoman Empire. For four centuries, these fortifications were a vital component in maintaining Venice's dominance in the region. The entrance of the Old Fortress sits in front of the Liston, near Corfu’s Esplanade. The garrison known as the New Fortress of Corfu the Venetians built between 1576 and 1645. Other notable fortifications on Corfu include the Angelokastro, a Byzantine castle perched on a hilltop, and the Kassiopi Castle, a ruined fortress with a rich history dating back to Roman times. The forts underwent several repairs and partial reconstructions over time, particularly during the British rule in the 19th century, to adapt to the changing needs of warfare.
As visitors explore the narrow streets, urban squares, and imposing fortifications of the Old Town of Corfu, it’s architectural identity reflects the various influences it has experienced throughout its history, The Venetian, French, British, and Greek elements intertwine. The predominantly neoclassical housing of the town is a mix of Venetian-era buildings and later constructions, particularly from the 19th century. This eclectic blend of architectural styles exists to this day thanks to the preservation efforts of local authorities and international organizations.
The Liston, a promenade lined with elegant arches and cafes, is reminiscent of Parisian architecture. The Palace of St. Michael and St. George, with its neoclassical design, is a testament to British influence. Venetian influences are evident in the narrow streets, colorful buildings, and ornate balconies. The Old Town is home to numerous churches, including the Church of Saint Spyridon, the island's patron saint. The church houses the saint's relics, which are believed to have miraculous powers. The Cathedral of Corfu, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, is another architectural gem with its impressive facade and interior.
The Venetian occupation introduced new culinary traditions to Corfu, such as the use of spices and herbs in dishes like sofrito and pastitsada. Venetian musical traditions also influenced Corfiot music, particularly in the use of mandolins and guitars. The British occupation brought cricket to Corfu, and the sport remains popular on the island today. British architectural influences can be seen in buildings like the Palace of St. Michael and St. George, and the Ionian Academy, the first university of modern Greece. French influences are evident in Corfu's love for cafes and pastries. The island's cafes serve a variety of French-inspired pastries, such as croissants and pain au chocolat.
The protection the Old Town of Corfu today enjoys is a collaborative effort involving several institutions and relevant decrees. The Hellenic Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of the Environment, Spatial Planning and Public Works, and the Municipality of Corfu all play crucial roles in safeguarding this historical gem. The Greek law on the protection of antiquities and cultural heritage, along with the establishment of a new independent Superintendence for Byzantine and post-Byzantine antiquities in 2006, further strengthen the conservation efforts.
A buffer zone has been established to protect the Old Town from encroaching development, ensuring that its authenticity and integrity remain intact. The proactive policies of restoration and enhancement of the fortifications and the citadel have resulted in a generally acceptable state of conservation. However, many works still need to be completed or initiated to ensure the long-term preservation of this remarkable site. The local authorities have prepared a comprehensive management plan to guide the future development and conservation of the site.