Fall 2024 One Health Newsletter one health Section Of The American Public Health Association

Novel Collaborations for Monitoring Algal Blooms

By Melody Pederson

APHA One Health Supporter

Algal blooms can occur in diverse bodies of water, from the fresh waters of Lakes Erie and Victoria to the coastline waters in the Gulf of Mexico. When phytoplankton and algae accumulate to the point that they can grow beyond the bounds of natural controls they are recognized as harmful algal blooms (HABs), and their presence can lead to a number of health concerns. Examples of their effects on their ecosystems include: direct exposure in humans, leading to skin irritation; toxin exposure via aerosolization, affecting the respiratory health of livestock, pets, and humans; and contaminated fish populations entering the human food markets, causing vomiting, nausea, and potential kidney or liver damage. These phytoplankton blooms, whether of cyanobacteria, dinoflagellate or diatom types, are accumulations of microscopic algae that thrive in warm, nutrient-rich marine or fresh bodies of water. The algal life cycle can also overwhelm the available oxygen in the aquatic environment, creating hypoxic waters that have a direct negative effect on fish and invertebrate organisms populations (1).

The sixth goal of the United Nations 2023 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals underscores the need to reduce harmful exposures to HABs and ensure access to safe drinking water (1). To that end, interagency collaborations and technological innovations, particularly with novel satellite missions, can help strengthen the scientific advancements that are needed to achieve this goal. These interagency collaborations afford U.S. Federal agencies the opportunity to identify synergies and produce uniquely innovative solutions.

For example, the Cyanobacteria Assessment Network (CyAN) is a collaboration between NASA, NOAA, EPA, and USGS that launched in 2015. It provides an early warning HAB detection system, informed by historical ground based data and satellite data (MERIS and Sentinel-3 OLCI data) for large lakes across the continental U.S. CyAN incorporates standardized procedures for using Earth observations to detect and quantify cyanobacteria, and it also aids in identifying HABs that may pose health risks. It is a valuable tool for Federal, state, and local water managers in their decision-making processes. In just one example, Utah state managers used CyAN satellite derived information in 2017 to help monitor a cyanobacteria bloom weeks before the July Independence Day celebratory weekend, saving an estimated US$370,000 in health care costs (2).

Since satellite instruments have a projected mission timeline, technological advancements are essential to collect data and develop novel tools and methods for environmental monitoring. One early effort to monitor community impacts of HABs incorporated satellite data (e.g. ocean color from VIIRS, MODIS, Sentinel-3) and citizen science data on water samples using the HABscope to examine the spread of algal blooms and enhance the frequency and precision of respiratory distress messaging to community members on the Florida Gulf Coast (3).

NASA launched the PACE satellite on February 8, 2024, the first global mission to measure ocean color using hyperspectral technology to track daily phytoplankton distributions and types from a low-Earth orbit. PACE ocean color products are already improving algae management along the coastlines, estuaries, and lakes of California (C-Harm), New Zealand, and Asia. As more scientists join the PACE Early Adopter community to leverage PACE products for identifying, monitoring, and forecasting HAB, the PACE satellite will continue to revolutionize scientists’ predictive abilities on a global scale and create new possibilities for water quality management (4).

To address HABs as a critical environmental health challenge, communities of citizens, scientists, and NASA Early Adopter communities can actively share their expertise and contribute to data collection and monitoring efforts related to HABs. First, the general public can become involved by learning about the impacts that HABs can have on human and animal health and surrounding ecosystems. Second, citizen science activities like the NASA GLOBE program and HABscope offer on-the-ground data to help validate satellite observations related to HAB monitoring, as well as build key connections between scientists and community members. Third, scientists can join NASA mission Early Adopter programs, where they can help accelerate the use of Earth observations and directly engage with decision makers. As the effects of climate change alter marine and freshwater ecosystems, Earth science information and applications can prepare public health professionals and the One Health community with additional insight about water quality and safety for protecting human, animal, and environmental health.

References

1. Chorus I, Welker M. Toxic cyanobacteria in water: a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management, 2nd ed. Boca Raton and Geneva: OCRC Press and World Health Organization; 2021. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/wash-documents/water-safety-and-quality/toxic-cyanobacteria-2/front-material.pdf?sfvrsn=2bb63f07_7
2. Stroming S, Robertson M, Mabee B, et al. Quantifying the human health benefits of using satellite information to detect cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms and manage recreational advisories in U.S. lakes. Geohealth. 2020;4(9):e2020GH000254.
3. Hardison DR, Holland WC, Currier RD, et al. HABscope: A tool for use by citizen scientists to facilitate early warning of respiratory irritation caused by toxic blooms of Karenia brevis. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e0218489.
4. NASA. NASA’s PACE data on ocean, atmosphere, climate now available. 2024. https://www.nasa.gov/earth/nasas-pace-data-on-ocean-atmosphere-climate-now-available/

One Health Spotlight

Prepared by Heather Martinez, APHA One Health Section Chair-Elect

1. How does One Health apply to your current roles, and why is it important?

Working with USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, most everything I do is part of One Health. A main role of agency veterinarians is in prevention of foreign animal diseases, or those that are not endemic to the United States. After training at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center in New York I became a Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostician or FADD. There are many FADDs scattered around the country, and we are always on call for a potential investigation regarding transboundary diseases of animals.

Not all foreign animal diseases are zoonotic, but that does not mean they are not One Health issues. Diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease, which does not cause illness in people, can have lasting impacts on human health by causing food insecurity, especially in the developing world. Additionally, after the outbreak in the United Kingdom in 2001, we also witnessed mental health as a One Health issue. Although many farmers during that outbreak did not experience direct food insecurity or physical harm, they were severely affected both financially and mentally.

Perhaps I have been immersed in One Health long enough that I see everything as a One Health issue, and view life through that lens. Things like zoonotic infectious diseases and vector borne diseases are the easiest way to understand how we are all linked to animals and the environment. When you start to look those linkages are everywhere, even in places you wouldn’t expect.

2. How did you first become interested in One Health as a concept, and what was your career pathway like to lead you to your current work?

I began my veterinary career as a small animal clinician and worked as a clinician for 15 years before I transitioned solely to epidemiology. My mentor in veterinary school introduced me to what One Health means to a practicing veterinarian, though, and I never lost sight of that when I was in practice. The first lecture I heard by Dr. Mike Lappin at Colorado State University was about making sure that we worked with doctors to find safe ways for people with AIDS to keep their cats. Early in the AIDS epidemic, those with cats were encouraged to give them up due the risk they represented for zoonotic disease transmission. It was our duty, though, to ensure that we did everything we could to make sure people could keep their cats, including testing and consistent deworming.

When I was in practice, I had a cluster of cases of virulent calicivirus, a pathogen that causes severe disease and extreme mortality in cats, and was able to prevent spread of this highly infectious disease both in and out of our hospital. My cat contact tracing, and the feeling that I could help more patients than those directly in front of me, led me back to school to obtain my MPH in Epidemiology. I then proceeded to board certification by the American College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine and their subspecialty of Epidemiology. I started working for USDA full time in 2022.

3. What is your favorite part about working in One Health, and what is your favorite example (or fun fact) of One Health?

Again, I see One Health everywhere! If I had to pick a favorite example, though, it would be the mental health side of One Health. Mental health relies on connections not just with other people, but also with animals and our environment. We live under the existential threat of climate change constantly and are coming to recognize the mental health implications of that. We also know how important healthy food animals are for mental health in the developing world. And finally, at least for myself, healthy pets are essential to my own mental well-being. It is impossible for me to separate my own mental health from my animals and environment, and I imagine the same is true for most of us.

4. What is one of the major One Health issues that you are working on?

For over two years most of my work has involved Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1. We have always considered these HPAI viruses to be a One Health issue, and this has been brought even more to the forefront as we deal with an increasing number of cases in cattle and other mammals. The intricacies and rapid evolution of influenza, and the H5-type in particular, means there is never a dull moment when dealing with HPAI. I have worked on outbreaks in many states, and don’t expect that to change anytime soon.

5. Do you have any words of advice for readers wanting to become more active in One Health?

When it comes to working in One Health the two things that are most important to me are that it is transdisciplinary and that it requires action. Those activities need to be purposeful and intelligent, but One Health is not just a thought exercise. The One Health High Level Expert Panel’s (OHHLEP) definition of One Health requires “taking action on climate change and contributing to sustainable development.” To me this means that One Health isn’t just a discipline but requires real engagement with tangible real-world results.

The good news for anyone wanting to do more in One Health is that all you need to do is dive in! One Health is fundamentally transdisciplinary so it doesn’t matter what degree or certification you have or don’t have—you are always welcome, and you will always contribute to the conversation and the effort to effect change.

One Health Spotlight

Prepared by Andrea Perkins, APHA One Health Section Communications Committee Chair

1. How does One Health apply to your current roles, and why is it important?

As a veterinary epidemiologist, One Health applies to almost everything that I do! In my current role as a research fellow for the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Veterinary Services Department, I am doing research on a novel approach to combating a disease that is critically important in the United States, even though it is very rare, bovine tuberculosis. Thanks to USDA’s work to eradicate this disease in the last 100 years, cases in the US cattle population are very uncommon, but bovine tuberculosis is caused by a zoonotic pathogen that causes significant disease burden in people worldwide as well. The region of Mexico that we are doing our research in has high levels of bovine tuberculosis in the dairy cattle population, and we know that people are exposed to this pathogen through close contact with cows and consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products, and this disease can have debilitating effects and is difficult to treat. It has also been shown that it is possible for people to transmit this disease back to cattle, a process known as reverse zoonosis. By protecting the cattle from bovine tuberculosis in this region of Mexico, we can not only decrease the infection pressure of the United State cattle population, but also decrease zoonotic transmission to people, and lessen the risk of future transmission back to cows. Human health and cattle health are intimately intertwined in this disease, and decreasing bovine tuberculosis in cattle in this regard will directly improve health effects in people!

Improving animal health is a powerful tool for improving human health, and zoonotic disease is a great example of this! But it is also important to realize that, for any animal industry, there are always humans involved, whose health is connected to that of the animals they work with, beyond the risk of zoonotic disease. Decreasing bovine tuberculosis in the dairy cows in our study may improve their longevity and production, which in turn could improve the quality of life of the people that run the dairy and their families. Health is always connected!

2. How did you first become interested in One Health as a concept, and what was your career pathway like to lead you to your current work?

I first became aware of the concept of One Health several years before I learned that it had a name and an official definition. My love of the Spanish language led me to study abroad in Peru, where I stayed with several families in very rural villages. I was staying with a family in a village called Amaru, and they had several sheep. The family brought their animals into their homes every night to keep them protected. I remember being out in their pasture one afternoon and realized that one of their sheep had some ocular discharge from one of her eyes. I couldn’t help but think about what would happen to her, and then to her family if she became clinically ill. Would they be able to afford to treat her illness? Would they even have access to treatment? What would happen to their income if they were forced to slaughter her? What would happen to them if whatever was causing her clinical signs was somehow zoonotic and made the family sick because she shared their home at night? This completely altered my perception of how animal health and human health are interconnected and remains one of the most pivotal moments of my career and how I see the world.

After this huge paradigm shift, I was accepted into veterinary school and learned that what I had witnessed had an official name and a whole movement behind it – One Health. I continued to be involved in One Health and international work through veterinary school, doing an externship at a Peruvian Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, and water quality research in Uganda. After vet school, I went to work at a non-profit veterinary hospital that focused on veterinary care for at-risk pets and their people. After several years in practice, I wanted to be able to impact health at a more upstream level, to influence things outside of my veterinary clinic. I went back to school to get more training in public health and fell in love with epidemiology and the power that it had to uncover connections between people, animals and the environment that affect the health of all three. After completing an Applied Epidemiology Fellowship focused on One Health at the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, I continue to work in epidemiology and applied research with the Bovine Tuberculosis Initiative at USDA, working on a vaccine field trial with cattle in northwestern Mexico to prevent bovine tuberculosis, an important zoonotic disease that affects people and animals worldwide.

3. What is your favorite part about working in One Health, and what is your favorite example (or fun fact) of One Health?

Without a doubt, my favorite thing about working in One Health is connecting with people with backgrounds and experiences that are different from my own. I love that a diverse group of people with a variety of expertise can brainstorm better solutions for almost any problem. Every perspective makes the solution just that much more sustainable. I think of One Health action as a big table filled with all sorts of stakeholders and the important question to ask is “who is missing a seat at this table? What perspectives can we add to be more holistic and sustainable in the approach to this problem, and whose expertise could we benefit from?”

It's hard to pick a favorite One Health example because there are so many, and they are all profound! However, there is one example that I keep coming back to because it touches on the three pillars of One Health so strongly: the massive decline in vultures and the effects of the loss of this population in India and surrounding countries in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s. The use of the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac had just become popular in livestock and the drug remained active in the carcasses of dead animals, an important part of the vulture’s diet. Vultures are incredibly sensitive to this drug and unfortunately suffered massive die-offs from consumption of diclofenac contaminating the tissues of the animals they consumed. Vultures, as it turns out, are a keystone species, and the rapid loss of these birds caused an impressive and surprising array of downstream health effects showing how connected we are to the animals and the environment we share. As the vultures declined, the populations of other scavengers increased to fill the void, causing increases in feral dog and rat populations. This in turn had significant public health effects, as these species bring a myriad of different diseases with them and live in close proximity to people. This caused steep increases in disease rates and mortality of the people in this region and hundreds of thousands of dollars in recovery costs. The vultures were also a cornerstone of an Indian sect’s culture, as they laid their loved ones to rest on high altars to be consumed by the vultures, and when they declined, this was no longer a sustainable way to honor and dispose of their dead. There is a tremendous toll on the psychological wellbeing of a people that can no longer practice their most sacred rites, and the overall health of these people suffered as well. This is an impressive example of the extent of the interconnectedness of life within an ecosystem and how much the health of humans depends on the ecosystem in which we live.

4. What is one of the major One Health issues that you are working on?

My work in bovine tuberculosis is quite focused on preventing disease in cattle, but there are still a variety of One Health issues surrounding this disease. My work on the vaccine field trial in Mexico directly involves decreasing disease in the dairy cattle population, but the downstream effects of this work impact more than just cattle health. People can become infected with Mycobacterium bovis, the pathogen that causes bovine tuberculosis, by consuming unpasteurized milk and dairy products from an infected cow. While there exist very efficient methods of milk pasteurization, in this region of Mexico using unpasteurized milk to make traditional raw cheeses is a culturally important practice, and thus not something easy to change, even if it means a safer final product. Creating safer milk in northwestern Mexico for people to be safer in continuing this cultural practice is an important One Health action, even though it is an indirect impact of decreasing bovine tuberculosis in the cattle population.

5. Do you have any words of advice for readers wanting to become more active in One Health?

Because One Health is all about connections, one of the best things you can do to get involved is to meet people who are doing One Health work. Don’t hesitate to send out that email for an informational interview or connect with that person on LinkedIn! One of the best ways to find people you want to connect with is to get involved in organizations advocating for One Health. APHA’s One Health Section is a great example of this, but is certainly not the only one! There are often ways to get involved at universities, especially those with a One Health program, and other professional organizations will often have One Health activities. Another good way to find exposure to One Health topics and find experts you may want to reach out to is to join webinars and educational content that discusses important One Health issues. The WHO, CDC, World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH, formerly OIE), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and many other organizations have frequent webinars to discuss One Health topics and One Health activities. LinkedIn is a great resource to find these.

Something else to think about is adopting a One Health perspective in your own work. Sharing this valuable perspective with others can help problem solve and get One Health action done locally. It takes this unique perspective to see who may be missing a seat at the table, so don’t be afraid to speak up and be a One Health advocate on local issues or things you may deal with at your job!

The One Health Section appreciates your time and service! Thank you!

The Effects of Wildfire Smoke: Addressing a Public Health Issue

By Jenny Bratburd, James Boulter, Masahiko Haraguchi, Michael C. Wimberly

APHA One Health Supporters

Climate change is increasing the extent and severity of wildfires, and the resulting smoke worsens air quality, with substantial impacts on public health over continental scales. The extent and severity of wildfire risk is influenced by multiple factors, including build-up of fuels, weather effects on fuel moisture and fire behavior, and ignitions from lightning and human activity. All of these factors are influenced by land management practices and climate change. Since 1990, the Clean Air Act has delivered air quality benefits that exceed costs by a ratio of roughly 30 to 1, yet health gains from improved air quality may be limited by increased exposures to wildfire smoke (1). As human exposure to wildfire smoke is influenced by development patterns and atmospheric transport processes, a One Health approach can help to coordinate the actions of researchers, land managers, air quality managers, and other stakeholders to reduce population health harms from wildfire smoke.

Recent work suggests climate-driven changes in wildfires could double to triple fine particulate matter in the Western United States, as well as lead to increased ozone formation, challenging the attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for particulate matter (2). Wildfire smoke is a significant and increasing source of particulate matter, which is linked with adverse cardiovascular and respiratory health impacts and was reported to contribute to 28,000 preventable deaths in 2019 (3). Wildfire smoke may also transport microbes that can spread infectious diseases like coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) (4). Research gaps exist in animal health, as limited studies link established air pollution data with animal health that could determine dose-dependent relationships (5).

To better understand and address wildfire smoke impacts on human and animal health, a holistic, a cross-disciplinary approach that offers an open platform for scientific discourse among disciplines of climate and weather science, veterinary science, public health, and ecology is urgently needed. Land management strategies (prescribed burns and forest thinning) can support ecological restoration and minimize build-up that could lead to uncontrolled wildfires (6,7). Prescribed fires are planned for weather conditions to reduce wildfire ignition risk and smoke exposure. These planned fires have ecological impacts on vegetation, wildlife habitat, and hydrology, where the application of Indigenous knowledge may offer particularly valuable insight into wildfire mitigation (8). While efforts are underway to better quantify the smoke exposures from prescribed fires further research could aid decision makers in translating how land management strategies to address wildfires ultimately affect human and animal health (9,10).

Cost-effective strategies are already in wide use, including providing accurate forecasting of smoke to empower people to avoid exposures, providing clean air shelters, and improving building standards for air filtration. More attention should focus on vulnerable or more exposed populations, including outdoor workers and unhoused people for increased exposure to environmental conditions and children with developing respiratory systems (6). Together with increasing temperature extremes, worsening air quality has the potential to have synergistic negative health outcomes for these populations at higher risk.

In the United States, interagency collaborations are critical, bringing together organizations with operational experience in smoke forecasting and air pollution (e.g. NOAA, NASA, EPA) with land management (e.g. USFS, NPS, BLM), and health research and communication (e.g. NIH, CDC). Increasing collaborations could improve forecasts to understand the movement of smoke plumes as well as the best conditions for controlled burns, increase opportunities for smoke-health research, and assess the short- and long-term impacts of interventions. A coordinated, strategic, health-focused approach is urgently needed to enhance management of wildfires during the summer and fall seasons. Effective communications on the risks to affected communities can serve to reduce both the premature mortality and the economic damages associated with wildfire smoke.

References

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The benefits and costs of the Clean Air Act from 1990 to 2020. 2011. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-07/documents/fullreport_rev_a.pdf
2. Xie Y, Lin M, Decharme B, et al. Tripling of western US particulate pollution from wildfires in a warming climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2022;119(14):e2111372119.
3. Cromar K, Gladson L, Gohlke J, Li Y, Tong D, Ewart G. Adverse health impacts of outdoor air pollution, including from wildland fires, in the United States: “Health of the Air,” 2018–2020. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2023;21(1):76-87.
4. Kobziar LN, Thompson GR. Wildfire smoke, a potential infectious agent. Science. 2020;370(6523):1408-1410.
5. Sanderfoot OV, Bassing SB, Brusa JL, et al. A review of the effects of wildfire smoke on the health and behavior of wildlife. Environ Res Lett. 2022;16(12):123003.
6. Laumbach RJ, Cromar KR, Adamkiewicz G, et al. Personal interventions for reducing exposure and risk for outdoor air pollution: an official American Thoracic Society workshop report. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021;18(9):1435-1443.
7. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Wildland fires: toward improved understanding and forecasting of air quality impacts: proceedings of a workshop. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2022. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/26465
8. Hoffman KM, Davis EL, Wickham SB, et al. Conservation of Earth’s biodiversity is embedded in Indigenous fire stewardship. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2021;118(32):e2105073118.
9. Sablan O, Ford B, Gargulinski E, et al. Quantifying prescribed-fire smoke exposure using low-cost sensors and satellites: springtime burning in eastern Kansas. GeoHealth. 2024;8(4):e2023GH000982.
10. Rosen Z, Henery G, Slater K, et al. A culture of fire: identifying community risk perceptions surrounding prescribed burning in the Flint Hills, Kansas. Journal of Applied Communications. 2023;106(4).

One Health Fellowship Opportunities & RESOURCES

By Anna Makaretz

One Health Newsletter Editor and Section Program Planner

A recurring section in our newsletter, One Health Fellowship Opportunities will feature professional development opportunities for early career professionals interested in One Health topics. Everyone has a unique career path, and below you will find a few launching points to get started. Click on the button below each description to visit the program's site for more details.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Science & Technology Policy Fellowship (STPF) - AAAS STPF provides opportunities to outstanding scientists and engineers to learn first-hand about policy making while contributing their knowledge and analytical skills to the federal policymaking process. Fellows serve year-long assignments in the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the Federal government in Washington, DC. Each year, the program adds to a growing corps of over 3,400 strong policy-savvy leaders working across academia, government, nonprofits and industry to serve the nation and the world. (Applications open on June 1, 2024 and close on November 1, 2024.)

Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH) - ASPPH offers a number of different fellowships and internships, some of which are in collaboration with other entities such as the CDC, EPA, and USDA, as well as with ASPPH itself. For more information, please visit their website. (Application deadlines specific to program.)

American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Fellowship Program - The AVMA Fellowship Program is an unparalleled opportunity to shape public policy while enhancing your knowledge of the political process. AVMA fellows do serve for one year in Washington as scientific advisors to members of Congress or congressional committees and shape and influence key legislation on a variety of issues. (Applications open in November 2024.)

American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Government Relations Student Externship - The AVMA Extern Program pairs talented veterinary students with the AVMA Government Relations Division for a four-week program that introduces the breadth of public policy issues facing our profession and provides hands-on lobbying experience with Capitol Hill legislators and staff. (Applications close on October 11, 2024.)

Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The APHL and CDC offer competitive fellowships available to degreed applicants interested in starting or furthering an exciting new career in laboratory science while working collaboratively with industry leaders and developing professional networks. Fellowships support public health laboratory program areas such as: bioinformatics, biosafety and biosecurity, emergency preparedness and response, environmental health, infectious disease, informatics, food safety, newborn screening, and quality management. Each fellow will be trained in alignment with established public health laboratory core competencies and functions and will work on unique program-specific projects and other initiatives in host laboratories. (Applications accepted and reviewed on a rolling basis. There is no deadline to apply.)

CDC Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) - The EIS is a highly competitive, 2-year post-graduate fellowship in applied epidemiology. This CDC program, established in 1951, is a unique combination of on-the-job-learning and service. Investigating outbreaks in the field is integral to the EIS experience. As CDC’s disease detectives, EIS officers are among the agency’s first-line rapid responders. EIS officers help public health officials investigate and control infectious disease outbreaks and respond to natural disasters and other threats to the public’s health. (The application period for the July 2026-June 2028 cohort opens on March 3, 2025 and closes on June 5, 2025.)

Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) - ORISE connects talented and diverse college students, recent graduates, postdocs, and faculty to STEM internship and fellowship programs closely aligned with the interests of a variety of research facilities, including those managed for the U.S. Department of Energy and other federal agencies. These STEM internship and fellowship programs are key to the recruitment and preparation of the next generation of the scientific workforce. (Application deadlines specific to program.)

The Public Health Institute (PHI) - The Generation Next Humanitarian Fellowship Program is a PHI program, supported by the USAID Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance, and in partnership with our program host organizations. This is a two-year fellowship program open to recent Bachelor-level graduates. The fellowship aims to increase the diversity of professionals in the humanitarian sector by building a pathway for seniors and recent graduates of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Hispanic-Serving Institutions, Asian American and Pacific Islander Institutions and Tribal Colleges and Universities. (The application period has closed for 2024, but you can subscribe to their listserv for info about 2025.)

Winston Health Policy Fellowship - This 12-month fellowship offers a postgraduate immersion experience in health policy development by working directly with policy-makers in both the public and private sectors. Current graduate students in their final year of study for a masters or doctoral degree are eligible to apply. The Winston Health Policy Fellowship is located in Washington, DC. (Applications open on June 1, 2024 and close on October 18, 2024.)

Resources Recommended by One Health Section Members

AMA Journal of Ethics February 2024 Issue: Health Ecology and Disease Transmission

CDC National Public Health Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases in People

GEO Health Community of Practice

NASA Applied Sciences Program - Health and Air Quality

One Health Joint Plan of Action (‎2022‒2026)‎: Working Together for the Health of Humans, Animals, Plants and the Environment

The Berlin Principles on One Health, 2019

WMO State of the Global Climate 2023

US Global Change Research Program - Fifth National Climate Assessment